Arjun Bhandari

Changes in an individuals perception hardly change despite finding evidence contrary to the perception. People don't like changes as they assume that these changes might cause loss of control, uncertainty and uncomfortable in life. Even if they find out themselves wrong, they won't fluctuate towards the change. People are anxious to improve their circumstances, but are unwilling to improve themselves; they, therefore, remain bound. Here in the story "Mr. Know All", the sentence said by the narrator, "At that moment, I did not entirely dislike Mr. Kelada.", also clearly reflects that despite finding out that Max Kelada had a good heart, the narrator didn't completely change his perceptions of Kelada by the end of the story. People won't change their views even when evidence or facts are shown against that.

                 Killing Of Animals Should Be Strictly Prohibited                   Killing of animals should be strictly prohibited everywhere (claim) because it leads towards the extinction of animals (ground) . Killing of animals also make imbalance in the ecosystem (ground) . Recent studies show that almost (qualifier) 70% of the dead animals are killed on the roads by the vehicles than by hunters (data) .                   Prohibiting on killing of animals can be helpful for the nation as well as for the animals too (warrant) . If the killing of animals is prohibited, the species of animals won't extinct and will balance the ecosystem (backing statement) . Moreover, if we prohibit killing of animals, the number of animals will increase and these animals can be taken as a medium for tourism development (backing statement) .                   It can be said that animals kill other animals too but, it is a part of  natural process (rebuttal) . Human themselves have reduced

               These three texts: "The Four-Tusked Elephant", "Scientific Inquiry: Invention and Test" and "To Know a Fly" are all kept under the unit "Science and Society" in the Flax-Golden Tales . In these three texts, there is shown about the different research process. After the completion of the reading of the three texts, I finally conclude the following:               Talking about the most convincing text, I think  'SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY, INVENTION AND TEST' is the one. This text clearly showed how a scientific inquiry takes place, how they came to the conclusion, the problems they faced during their research. The way they dealt to get a conclusion and the way they proved was satisfactory. Also, the conclusion discovered was incomplete and was improved which tells that a research is a never-ending process. I do know that they follow certain unethical activities but this research can fulfill the future necessity and could save liv

Armand Denis               In the essay: The Four Tusked Elephant and Scientific Inquiry: Invention And Test, there is the description of the journey of research of four tusked elephants and cause of childbed fever. We can find many similarities and dissimilarities in the research process of Armand and Ignaz in both essays.               Talking about the similarities, the research work was done with their interest towards the specific topic, their hardness towards research and eagerness to find a perfect conclusion. Armand was doing research for the existence of four-tusked elephant whereas Ignaz was doing research of cause of childbed fever. Both claimed first that there is a perfect conclusion, gave interest on research's topic, asked people for support and one thing is that coincidence is playing a key role for both narrators. When Armand went to the same place, he overheard second time about the four-tusked elephant which led him to find skulls and tusks of elephant

Armand with skull having four tusks             In both essays, there are some unethical practices followed during the research process. The narrator followed such unethical practices being aware of the possible outcome.             In The Four Tusked Elephants, Armand bribed people and also indirectly supported animal hunting and poaching. Also, in the Scientific Inquiry: Invention And Test, Ignaz subjected healthy women for his experiment in which many of them died. In both cases, the researchers didn't follow ethical practices and hence caused an ethical breach. Semmelweis on his experiment room              Animals and human both have right to survive. None is allowed to harm their rights. Here, Ignaz treated pregnant women as experiment tools and attended the childbirth without disinfecting hands. Eleven of twelve women died of fever. Similarly, Armand bought poached tusks and indirectly helped in poaching, Also, there is a practice of bribe in the essay.